An extended Stokes’ theorem for spiral paths: applications to rotational flows in Trachelospermum jasminoides stems and flowers

The traditional Stokes’ theorem connects the macroscopic circulation along a closed boundary to the microscopic circulation across the surface it encloses. However, it proves inadequate for addressing complex geometries such as helicoidal paths, non-planar flow patterns and dynamic systems with open boundaries. We introduce an extension of Stokes’ theorem (EST) that provides a robust tool for interdisciplinary research in spiral/helicoidal dynamics, facilitating the evaluation of rotational forces and circulation in both natural and engineered systems with open boundaries. We apply EST to model the rotational dynamics of flower petals and the helical forces within the stems of Trachelospermum jasminoides , known as star jasmine. For the flower, we demonstrate the equivalence between the line integral along the petal boundary and the surface integral over the enclosed disk, effectively capturing the uniform rotational stress generated by tangential forces. EST enables the analysis of external factors such as wind or pollinator interactions, while providing valuable insights to deepen our understanding of floral mechanics and petal growth patterns. For the stem, linking microscopic circulatory forces to macroscopic flow patterns, we demonstrate the interaction of torsional and bending stresses caused by the helical geometry. This finding has significant implications for understanding plant growth biomechanics and structural stability as well as for quantifying nutrient and water transport within stems, where spiral dynamics play a pivotal role. In summary, EST streamlines the analysis of rotational and translational forces in systems governed by spiral and helicoidal dynamics, including physical and biological phenomena such as phyllotaxis and plant growth.