Smooth pursuit eye movements contribute to long-latency reflex modulation in the lower extremity

Somatosensory mediated reactions play a fundamental role in adapting to environmental changes, particularly through long-latency responses (LLRs)—rapid corrective muscle responses (50-100ms) following limb perturbations that account for limb biomechanics and task goals. We investigated how smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM), which are slow eye movements used to track moving objects, influence LLRs of the upper and lower limb during mechanical interactions with moving objects. In the first experiment, participants stood and stabilized their arm against a colliding virtual object. This occurred while subjects either visually pursued the moving object or fixated a central location. The robot occasionally applied a mechanical perturbation to the arm either 200ms or 60ms before the anticipated collision. As in previous studies, LLRs were observed in leg muscles to a perturbation of the upper limb. Moreover, leg LLRs were modulated by gaze, being larger during pursuit than fixation but only during the late perturbations. This timing-specific modulation aligns with previous reports of policy transitions in feedback control roughly 60ms before impact. Upper limb LLRs were not significantly impacted by gaze. This lack of modulation could reflect the context of upright stance, so we conducted a second experiment which was the same in all ways except that the subjects remained seated. Again, the upper limb LLRs were not impacted by gaze. The selective impact of gaze modulation on stance control highlights the sophisticated nature of coordinating eye movements, arm control, and whole-body postural responses.