Multinuclear non-heme iron dependent oxidative enzymes: Landscape of their substrates, partner proteins and biosynthetic gene clusters

Enzymes of the m ultinuclear n on-heme iron-dependent o xidase (MNIO) superfamily catalyze various modification reactions on the precursors of ri bosomally synthesized, p ost-translationally modified p eptides (RiPPs). We recently identified two large families of MNIO-modified RiPPs called bufferins, which enhance bacterial growth under copper stress by chelating the excess metal ions. Here, we explored the diversity of potential MNIO substrates by performing extensive in silico studies. Analyses of MNIO-coding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) identified all major groups of putative precursors characterized by specific Cys- containing motifs throughout the eubacterial phylogenetic tree. The precursors of most MNIO- modified RiPPs harbor N-terminal Sec-dependent signal peptides, a rare feature among bacterial RiPPs. Some precursors are very long relative to those of typical RiPPs, indicating that MNIO enzymes could modify both peptide and protein substrates. We also identified a distinct family of integral membrane proteins with large predicted extra-cytoplasmic domains mostly found in Terrabacteria, frequently but not systematically associated with MNIOs. Most MNIO BGCs harbor genes coding for DUF2063 domain-containing proteins or structurally related proteins, serving as partners of the enzymes for precursor modification. We uncovered specific associations between subgroups of MNIO enzymes, families of precursors, and types of partner proteins, indicating some specificity in these systems. This study depicts the global landscape of potential MNIO-dependent natural products by unveiling the major groups of peptides and proteins genetically associated with MNIOs. It reveals a treasure trove of potential new RiPP precursors which likely represent a widespread bacterial strategy to deal with copper stress, and most likely other stresses, in natural environments.