Trace metals availability controls terminal electron acceptor utilization in Escherichia coli

Trace metals play an essential role in the metabolism of all living organisms and many metal-containing enzymes contribute to key physiological and ecological processes such as aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen fixation. Despite this, trace metals’ potential to control functional diversity and metabolic shifts is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the availability of trace metals controls electron acceptors utilization in Escherichia coli . Physiological and proteomic data show that trace metals depleted cultures have significantly reduced growth, anticipate fermentation and increase energy expenditure for metal homeostasis, even when more energetically favourable electron acceptors are present. Overall these results suggest how evolutionary and competitive pressures arising from changes in biological trace metals availability in deep time have contributed to shaping evolution and competition.