Looking for the optimal pathway to stimulate hippocampus in human participants using transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS): a simulation study

At present, very limited methods can directly modulate the neural activities in deep brain structures in human participants. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), as an emerging and advanced modality of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), has great potential for focally stimulating the subcortical structures that are related to sleep, emotion and the functions of motor of cognition. Due to the focality, the integration of various methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and possible pathways, is important to perform TUS intervention for precise targeting and dosing. Based on structural MRI scans, we constructed a simulation model of low-intensity TUS, with a particular focus on the optimal pathways of targeting hippocampus in human participants. Finally, we outlooked the future perspectives of TUS in clinical applications in neurological and psychiatric fields.