Immune cell single-cell RNA sequencing analyses link an age-associated T cell subset to symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is among the most common age-associated diseases in men; however, the contribution of age-related changes in immune cells to BPH is not clear. The current study determined that an age-associated CD8 ⁺ T cell subset (Taa) with high Granzyme K ( GZMK ^hi ) and low Granzyme B ( GZMB ^low ) gene expression infiltrate aged human prostates and positively correlate with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). A velocity analysis indicated that CD8 ⁺ T cell differentiation is altered in large BPH prostates compared to small age-matched prostates, favoring Taa accumulation. In vitro granzyme K treatment of human BPH patient-derived large prostate fibroblasts increased secretion of pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-associated cytokines. These data suggest that granzyme K-mediated stimulation of prostate stromal fibroblast SASP cytokine and chemokine production promotes prostate immune cell recruitment and activation. Overall, these results connect symptomatic BPH with immune aging.