Can we infer excitation-inhibition balance from the spectrum of population activity?
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Networks in the brain operate in an excitation-inhibition (EI) balanced state. Altered EI balance underlies aberrant dynamics and impaired information processing. Given its importance, it is crucial to establish non-invasive measures of the EI balances. Previous studies have suggested that relative EI balance can be inferred from the spectrum of the population signals such as Local Field Potentials, Electroencephalogram and Magnetoencephalography. This idea exploits the fact that in most cases excitatory and inhibitory synapses have quite different time constants. However, it is not clear to what extent spectral slope of population activity is related to the network parameters that define the EI balance e.g. excitatory and inhibitory conductance. To address this question we simulated two different types of recurrent networks and measured spectral slope for a wide range of parameters. Our results show that the slope of the spectrum cannot predict the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductance. Only in a small set of simulations a change in the spectral slope was consistent with the corresponding change in the synaptic weights or inputs to the network. Thus, our results show that we should be careful in interpreting the change in the slope of the population activity spectrum.
Significant statement
Non-invasive signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and magneto-encephalogram (MEG) are routine acquired from human subjects in different functional and dysfunctional states. It is of great interest to relate properties of EEG/MEG to the underlying physiology and network properties. In this regard, recently it was proposed that the slope of the EEG/MEG spectrum can be related to excitation-inhibition balance: steeper slopes indicate higher inhibition. Here we show that such an explanation holds only for a small set of conditions. In most cases spectral slope is not informative of underlying excitation-inhibition balance. Thus, we argue that while spectral slope may be a good biomarker of brain state, it is not informative about the underlying excitation-inhibition balance or network parameters.
