A vestibulospinal pathway for context-dependent motor control of the mouse tail

The tail movement is critical for maintaining balance during locomotion in many animal species, yet its underlying neuro-muscular control remains poorly understood. In this study we investigated what are the neuronal substrates responsible for tail control in mice. Using high-resolution microCT scans and retrograde labeling, we lay out the neuro-muscular organization of the tail and identified distinct pools of motoneurons in the spinal cord that innervate proximal and distal muscles. We further show that the spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVN) in the brainstem sends direct projections to the same spinal cord segments where tail motoneurons are located. The activation of these vestibulospinal neurons using optogenetics results in more accurate tail movements during challenging balance tasks. Our results reveal that the vestibular system’s influence on tail control is context-dependent, enhancing balance performance under uncertain sensory conditions. These findings provide novel insights into the neural circuits responsible for maintaining balance, highlighting the role of the vestibulospinal pathway in context-dependent modulation of tail movement to maintain stability during complex locomotor tasks.