Spatially barcoding biochemical reactions using DNA nanostructures unveil a major contact mechanism in proximity labeling

Proximity labeling techniques like TurboID and APEX2 have become pivotal tools in spatial omics research for studying protein interactions. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying these reactive species-mediated labelings, particularly the spatial patterns of labeling methods within the sub-μm range, remain poorly understood. Here, we employed DNA nanostructure platforms to precisely measure the labeling radii of TurboID and APEX2 through in vitro assays. Our DNA nanoruler design enables the deployment of oligonucleotide-barcoded labeling targets with nanometer precision near the enzymes. By quantifying labeling yields using quantitative PCR and mapping them against target distances, we uncovered surprising insights into the labeling mechanisms. Contrary to the prevailing diffusive labeling model, our results demonstrate that TurboID primarily operates through contact-dependent labeling. Similarly, APEX2 shows high labeling efficiency within its direct contact range. In parallel, it exhibits a low-level diffusive labeling towards more distant phenols. These findings reframe our understanding in the mechanism of proximity labeling enzymes, at the same time highlight the potential of DNA nanotechnology in spatially profiling reactive species.