On the evolution of dispersal strategies under the costs of acquisition of private and social information

Dispersal between patches of suitable habitat is a key behaviour for the survival of animal populations and is impacted by rapid environmental changes. Animals must cope with several costs related to the dispersal process, such as expenses in energy for acquiring information or increased mortality risks. There is a growing interest in studying how the costs of acquisition of information influence the dispersal be- haviour of species, and particularly how the use of social and private information can shape this behaviour over multiple generations. Current models of dispersal rarely incorporate both sources of information, and there is specifically a lack of modelling studies taking into account costs of acquisition for private and social information. We develop an agent-based model simulating a population of butterflies with genetic factors linked to the acquisition of both types of information and their associated reproductive costs. We show that different costs, environmental variability conditions and sensory abilities result in various dispersal behaviours and have an impact on the fitness of the population. In stable environments, low-cost information is used by a varying proportion of agents to disperse, but when the cost rises lightly, all agents stay uninformed. In highly variable environments, the same trend is observed, but agents rely on information even if the cost of acquisition increases up to twice compared to stable environments as it provides an evolutionary advantage. Agents with a limited perceptual range use both information sources equally in variable environments, and those with a bigger perceptual range rely exclusively on private information to take dispersal decisions, except at free cost of acquisition. Globally, the use of information induces a higher fitness for the population in stable environments if costs of acquisition are free or very low. In variable environmental conditions, the highest fitness is maintained with a limited perceptual range when the total cost rises up to twice the value found for stable environments. With a bigger perceptual range, the highest fitness is maintained for the whole range of total costs studied.