Microbial production of the low-caloric sweetener D-allulose from D-glucose by evolutionary engineering

The low-calorie sugar D-allulose is a promising alternative to D-sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup, but its microbial production from D-glucose at mesophilic temperatures is limited by insufficient D-glucose isomerase (XylA) activity. Here, we overcome this bottleneck by evolving a Corynebacterium glutamicum selection strain whose growth strictly depends on XylA function. This strategy yielded a XylA variant with a nine-fold higher catalytic efficiency, sugar transporter variants (IolT1) with ten-fold increased activity for D-glucose and D-fructose, and hints for co-transport of these sugars by the D-sucrose transporter PtsS. Molecular dynamics simulations provided possible mechanistic explanations for the adaptive mutations. Combining the evolved enzymes with a suitable D-allulose 3-epimerase in a highly engineered chassis strain enabled whole-cell conversion of D-glucose to D-allulose with a 15% yield at 30 °C. This performance rivals immobilized enzyme processes performed at ∼60°C while avoiding enzyme purification and immobilization, offering an alternative for low-calorie sweetener production.