Multi-Stable Bimodal Perceptual Coding within the Ventral Premotor Cortex

Neurons in the primate ventral premotor cortex (VPC) respond to both tactile and acoustic stimuli, yet how they integrate and process information from these sensory modalities remains unclear. To investigate this, we recorded VPC neuronal activity in two trained monkeys performing a bimodal detection task (BDT), in which they reported the presence or absence of either a tactile or an acoustic stimulus. Single-cell analyses revealed diverse response types, including purely tactile, purely acoustic, bimodal, and neurons with sustained activity during the decision maintenance delay—the period between stimulus offset and motor response. To further examine VPC’s role in the BDT, we applied dimensionality reduction techniques to uncover low-dimensional latent dynamics in the neuronal population and conducted parallel analyses using a recurrent neural network (RNN) model trained on the same task. Neural trajectories for tactile and acoustic responses diverged sharply, whereas in stimulus-absent trials, the dynamics remained at rest. During the delay period, the trajectories exhibited a pronounced rotational dynamic, shifting toward a subspace orthogonal to the sensory response space, suggesting memory maintenance through stable equilibria. This indicates that network dynamics can sustain distinct stable states corresponding to the three potential task outcomes. Using low-dimensional modeling, we propose a universal dynamical mechanism that underlies the transition from sensory processing to memory retention, aligning with both experimental and computational findings. These results demonstrate that VPC neurons encode bimodal information, integrate competing sensory inputs, and maintain decisions across the delay period, regardless of sensory modality.