Interplay of PD-L1, FOXP3, and CD8 in the Immune Microenvironment of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Expression Profiles and Correlations
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Background
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the complex immunological landscape, particularly the interaction between PD-L1, FOXP3, and CD8, is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
Methods
We analyzed 108 PSCC cases through 528 tissue microarray samples. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using standardized protocols to detect PD-L1, FOXP3, and CD8 expression. Expression patterns were evaluated in both tumor and stromal compartments, with assessment of membranous staining for PD-L1 and quantification of FOXP3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes.
Results
PD-L1 expression in tumor cells showed a moderate positive correlation (r=0.477, P<0.001) with CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor compartment, suggesting an adaptive immune resistance mechanism. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells demonstrated a weak positive correlation (r=0.289, P=0.002) with FOXP3 expression in tumor-associated lymphocytes. The strongest correlation observed (r=0.717, P<0.001) was between FOXP3 expression in stromal lymphocytes and CD8+ T-cell presence in stromal areas. PD-L1 expression in lymphocytes showed a significant correlation (r=0.354, P<0.001) with FOXP3 expression in stromal lymphocytes.
Conclusions
Our findings reveal complex interactions between PD-L1, FOXP3, and CD8 within the tumor microenvironment of PSCC. The strong correlation between stromal FOXP3+ and CD8+ cells points to a crucial immune regulatory axis that could influence treatment outcomes. These results provide insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving patient care in PSCC.
