Downstream branches of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling act interdependently to shape the face

Background

Previously we found that increasing fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in the neural crest cells within the frontonasal process (FNP) of the chicken embryo caused dysmorphology that was correlated with reduced proliferation, disrupted cellular orientation, and lower MAPK activation but no change in PLCy and PI3K activation. This suggests RTK signaling may drive craniofacial morphogenesis through specific downstream effectors that affect cellular activities. In this study we inhibited three downstream branches of RTK signaling to determine their role in regulating cellular activities and how these changes affect morphogenesis of the FNP.

Results

Small molecule inhibitors of MEK1/2, PI3K, and PLCy were delivered individually and in tandem to the right FNP of chicken embryos. All treatments caused asymmetric proximodistal truncation on the treated side and a mild expansion on the untreated side compared to DMSO control treated FNPs. Inhibiting each pathway caused similar decreased proliferation and disrupted cellular orientation, but did not affect apoptosis.

Conclusions

Since RTK signaling is a ubiquitous and tightly regulated biochemical system we conclude that the downstream pathways are robust to developmental perturbation through redundant signaling systems.

Bullet points

Inhibiting three downstream effectors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling (MEK1/2, PLCy, and PI3K) in the frontonasal process of chicken embryos caused similar mild truncation of growth. Combining all three inhibitors had a slightly stronger effect on truncation.

Individual inhibitors did not have specific effects on cellular proliferation, apoptosis, or cellular orientation.

The downstream branches of RTK signaling likely have shared interdependent effects on cellular activities that contribute to morphogenesis.