Assembly and lipid-gating of LRRC8A:D volume-regulated anion channels

Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are ubiquitously expressed vertebrate ion channels that open in response to hypotonic swelling. VRACs assemble as heteromers of LRRC8A and LRRC8B-E subunits, with different subunit combinations resulting in channels with different properties. Recent studies have described the structures of LRRC8A:C VRACs, but how other VRACs assemble, and which structural features are conserved or variant across channel assemblies remains unknown. Herein, we used cryo-EM to determine structures of a LRRC8A:D VRAC with a 4:2 subunit stoichiometry, which we captured in two conformations. The presence of LRRC8D subunits increases hydrophobicity and widens the selectivity filter, which may explain the unique substrate selectivity of LRRC8D-containing VRACs. The structures reveal lipids bound inside the channel pore, similar to those observed in LRRC8A:C VRACs. Using electrophysiological experiments, we confirmed that pore lipids block conduction in the closed state, demonstrating that lipid-gating is a general property of VRACs. Finally, we observe that LRRC8D subunit incorporation disrupts packing of the cytoplasmic LRR domains, increasing channel dynamics and opening lateral fenestrations, which we speculate are necessary for pore lipid evacuation and channel activation.