Evolution of drug-binding residues in bacterial ribosomes

Ribosomes from certain bacteria possess divergent drug-binding sites compared to those of Escherichia coli, leading to natural evasion or hypersensitivity to antibiotics. However, in the absence of systematic studies, it is unknown whether this observed divergence is a rare exception or a common occurrence among bacterial species. Here, we address this question by reconstructing the evolutionary history of drug-binding residues of the ribosome from the origin of bacteria to the present day. This analysis reveals the extent of natural diversity of ribosomal drug-binding sites between bacterial species, which may inform the development of species-specific antimicrobials and a more accurate and personalized choice of ribosome-targeting drugs for a given pathogen.