Fusarium graminearum copper amine-oxidases redundantly increase virulence by converting tryptamine from hydrolyzed plant defense compounds into auxin

Plant pathogenic fungi have evolved different strategies to interfere with plant defense mechanisms. The well described fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum is not only able to produce trichothecene toxins like deoxynivalenol, but also the plant hormone auxin. Highly elevated levels of auxin and auxin derivatives such as IAA-glucoside or IAA amino-acid conjugates were observed in wheat cultivar Apogee infected with F. graminearum . We report that F. graminearum is able to cleave tryptamine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides, e.g. the defense compound coumaroyl-tryptamine. In this study we investigated copper amine-oxidases, candidate genes for auxin biosynthesis converting tryptamine into the IAA precursor indole-3-acetyldehyde. After consecutive knock outs of all seven copper amine oxidases the resulting septuple knock out strain had strongly reduced ability to produce auxin. Virulence of the septuple mutant was significantly impaired while DON production in planta was comparable to the wild type. We conclude that F. graminearum , often presumed to be a simple nectrotroph, has a biotrophic phase and is able to employ plant defense compounds by converting them into defense suppressing auxin.