Collective dynamics of Escherichia coli growth under near-lethal acid stress

Many neutralophilic bacteria, including Escherichia coli , can withstand acidic conditions due to the action of several protective mechanisms. While the survival of E. coli under growth-inhibitory extreme acid stress is well understood, less is known about the physiology of E. coli growth under severe but permissive acidity. Here, we observed that growth of E. coli MG1655 in a rich medium with pH of 4.1 to 4.4 exhibits a characteristic multi-phasic growth pattern, consisting of an initial exponential elongation in the absence of cell division, followed by growth arrest and subsequent resumption of exponential growth. The duration of the growth arrest phase was strongly dependent on the pH of the medium, but also on the initial cell density of the culture, suggesting the collective nature of this phenomenon. Cell-density dependent multiphasic growth at the near-lethal pH, including the initial increase in cell volume associated with either elongation or widening of the cell body, was also observed for all tested natural E. coli isolates and for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Such transient increase in volume apparently enables bacteria to induce acid resistance systems, including the lysine-dependent Cad system, to subsequently modify pH of the medium in the density-dependent manner. Consistent with the collective recovery, even a minor fraction of acid-tolerant cells could fully cross-protect acid-sensitive cells enabling them to resume growth in coculture. Thus, collective dynamics plays a central role in bacterial growth under near-lethal acid stress.