Engineering mtDNA Deletions by Reconstituting End-Joining in Human Mitochondria

Recent breakthroughs in the genetic manipulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have enabled the precise introduction of base substitutions and the effective removal of genomes carrying harmful mutations. However, the reconstitution of mtDNA deletions responsible for severe mitochondrial myopathies and age-related diseases has not yet been achieved in human cells. Here, we developed a method to engineer specific mtDNA deletions in human cells by co-expressing end-joining (EJ) machinery and targeted endonucleases. As a proof-of-concept, we used mito-EJ and mito-ScaI to generate a panel of clonal cell lines harboring a ∼3.5 kb mtDNA deletion with the full spectrum of heteroplasmy. Investigating these isogenic cells revealed a critical threshold of ∼75% deleted genomes, beyond which cells exhibited depletion of OXPHOS proteins, severe metabolic disruption, and impaired growth in galactose-containing media. Single-cell multiomic analysis revealed two distinct patterns of nuclear gene deregulation in response to mtDNA deletion accumulation; one triggered at the deletion threshold and another progressively responding to increasing heteroplasmy. In summary, the co-expression of mito-EJ and programable nucleases provides a powerful tool to model disease-associated mtDNA deletions in different cell types. Establishing a panel of cell lines with a large-scale deletion at varying levels of heteroplasmy is a valuable resource for understanding the impact of mtDNA deletions on diseases and guiding the development of potential therapeutic strategies.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

• Combining prokaryotic end-joining with targeted endonucleases generates specific mtDNA deletions in human cells

• Engineering a panel of cell lines with a large-scale deletion that spans the full spectrum of heteroplasmy

• 75% heteroplasmy is the threshold that triggers mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction

• Two distinct nuclear transcriptional programs in response to mtDNA deletions: threshold-triggered and heteroplasmy-sensing