Estrogen deficiency alters vascularization and mineralization dynamics: insight from a novel 3-D humanized and vascularized bone organoid model
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Here we develop an in vitro three-dimensional (3-D) vascularized and humanized bone model following an endochondral ossification approach. We applied the model to recapitulate estrogen deficiency as representative of the osteoporotic phenotype. The results of this study reveal that estrogen deficiency exacerbates formation of 3-D vessel-like structures in vascularized models and thereby drives mineral deposition.
