Neuropeptide-dependent spike time precision and plasticity in circadian output neurons

Circadian rhythms influence various physiological and behavioral processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Circadian output neurons are a group of neurons that receive input from the central circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mammalian brain and transmit timing information to different regions of the brain and body, coordinating the circadian rhythms of various physiological processes. In Drosophila , an important set of circadian output neurons are called pars intercerebralis (PI) neurons, which receive input from specific clock neurons called DN1. These neurons can further be subdivided into functionally and anatomically distinctive anterior (DN1a) and posterior (DN1p) clusters. The neuropeptide diuretic hormones 31 (Dh31) and 44 (Dh44) are the insect neuropeptides known to activate PI neurons to control activity rhythms. However, the neurophysiological basis of how Dh31 and Dh44 affect circadian clock neural coding mechanisms underlying sleep in Drosophila is not well understood. Here, we identify Dh31/Dh44-dependent spike time precision and plasticity in PI neurons. We find that the application of synthesized Dh31 and Dh44 affects membrane potential dynamics of PI neurons in the precise timing of the neuronal firing through their synergistic interaction, possibly mediated by calcium-activated potassium channel conductance. Further, we characterize that Dh31/Dh44 enhances postsynaptic potentials in PI neurons. Together, these results suggest multiplexed neuropeptide-dependent spike time precision and plasticity as circadian clock neural coding mechanisms underlying sleep in Drosophila .