Assembly of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) to toxic fibrils may be related to pathogenesis of Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are a group of diseases caused by mutations in single genes, leading to the buildup of metabolites that are typically toxic or disrupt normal cellular function. The etiological relation of metabolic disorders has been uncovered through the study of metabolite amyloids. Various metabolites that accumulate in IEMs have been reported to self-assemble into organized structures. These structures exhibit similar physicochemical properties as proteinaceous amyloid fibrils. In this context, our study illustrated the aggregation properties of Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) i.e. Isoleucine, Leucine and Valine that accumulate in Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) to investigate their propensities to assemble into amyloid-like fibrils. The structural morphologies of BCAA were studied via. microscopic techniques like Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and phase contrast microscopy. Further, characterization techniques were employed to understand the physicochemical properties of the self-assemblies and its underlying mechanism. The amyloid-like nature of these aggregates was confirmed using Thioflavin T (ThT) and Congo Red (CR) assays, indicating a possible cytotoxic effect. The MTT assay reveals BCAAs were cytotoxic and significantly decrease cell viability. Our study plays a key role in understanding the physicochemical properties of MSUD in association to amyloid disease, possibly paving the way for the development of therapeutic solutions in the future.