Plant Mobile Domain protein-DNA motif modules counteract Polycomb silencing to stabilize gene expression

In plants and animals, Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are crucial for development, regulating gene expression through H3K27me3 deposition and subsequent gene silencing. While Polycomb silencing target specification is increasingly understood, it remains unclear how certain genes with apparent silencing-attracting features escape this process. Here, we show that the plant mobile domain C (PMD-C) containing proteins MAINTENANCE OF MERISTEMS (MAIN), MAIN-LIKE 1 (MAIL1) and MAIL2 oppose Polycomb silencing at numerous actively transcribed genes in Arabidopsis. Mutations in MAIN , MAIL1 or MAIL2 result in PcG-dependent ectopic H3K27me3 deposition, often associated with transcriptional repression. We show that MAIL1, which functions in concert with MAIN, and MAIL2 target distinct gene sets and associate with chromatin at specific DNA sequence motifs. We demonstrate that the integrity of these motif sequences is essential for promoting expression and antagonizing H3K27me3 deposition. Our results unveil a novel system opposing Polycomb silencing involving PMD-C protein-DNA motif modules, expanding our understanding of eukaryotic gene regulation mechanisms.