Identification of potential inhibitors against Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase of Cryptosporidium parvum through an integrated in silico approach

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, found in many vertebrate species, including humans, is the source of the global infection known as cryptosporidiosis, which manifests as acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Although infections in certain individuals have been linked to other species, Cryptosporidium parvum is the main cause of illnesses in humans. Lactate Dehydrogenase, Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and several other targets have been identified by the genome sequencing of C. parvum. Bioactive phytochemicals derived from nature have enormous potential as anti-cryptosporidiosis agents. The study aimed to identify new anti-cryptosporidial agents that work against the IMPDH of the parasite by using integrated in silico approaches. In this study, a total of 24 bioactive phytochemicals were screened virtually through molecular docking and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) analyses. Four lead compounds were identified, including Brevelin A (-8.9 kcal/mol), Vernodalin (-8.7 kcal/mol), Luteolin (-8.6 kcal/mol), and Pectolinarigenin (-8.1 kcal/mol), against the IMPDH protein (PDB ID: 4IXH) from the parasite. All the lead compounds were found to possess favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The toxicity analysis showed satisfactory results with no major side effects. All of the selected compounds showed no violation of Lipinski's rules of five, indicating the possibility of oral bioavailability as potential drug candidates. Target class prediction unveiled enzymes in most of the cases, and some experimental and investigational drugs were found to be structurally similar to the lead compounds. With significant biochemical interactions, all of the targeted phytochemical compounds have demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetics and good bioavailabilities. The findings strongly recommend in vitro experimental studies to aid in the development of novel therapeutics against Cryptosporidium parvum.