A Cryptic Prophage Transcription Factor Drives Phenotypic Changes via Host Gene Regulation

Cryptic prophages (CPs) are elements of bacterial genomes acquired from bacteriophage that infect the host cell and ultimately become stably integrated within the host genome. While some proteins encoded by CPs can modulate host phenotypes, the potential for Transcription Factors (TFs) encoded by CPs to impact host physiology by regulating host genes has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, we report hundreds of host genes regulated by DicC, a DNA-binding TF encoded in the Qin prophage of Esherichia coli . We identified host-encoded regulatory targets of DicC that could be linked to known phenotypes of its induction. We also demonstrate that a DicC-induced growth defect is largely independent of other Qin prophage genes. Our data suggest a greater role for cryptic prophage TFs in controlling bacterial host gene expression than previously appreciated.