Discovery of novel 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazides as DNA gyrase inhibitors for the treatment of MRSA infection

Antibiotic resistance has become a serious threat to public health, thus novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat drug-resistant bacteria including MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus ). The 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazide is an interesting chemotype that could exhibit antibacterial activity. However, the currently available compounds are not as potent as clinical antibiotics. Herein, we adopted the computer-aided drug design strategy, substructure search, to retrieve antibacterial 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazide derivatives, and identified compound B5 (Specs ID: AG-690/15432331) from the Specs chemical library that exhibited moderate activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 6.25 µg/mL) against S. aureus (ATCC 29213). Based on that compound, we further designed and synthesized 45 derivatives, and evaluated their antibacterial activity. Eight derivatives were more potent than or equivalent to vancomycin (MIC: 1.56 µg/mL). We compared the three most potent ones for their cytotoxicity to HepG2 and HUVEC cells and selected compound 1b as our lead compound for comprehensive biological evaluation. As a result, compound 1b exhibited a bacteriostatic mode, and was active against a panel of gram-positive bacteria strains, metabolically stable, and effective to protect the mice from MRSA infection. More importantly, we applied 2D similarity calculation and reverse docking to predict potential targets of compound 1b . Through experimental validation and molecular dynamics simulation, we were able to confirm that compound 1b inhibited S. aureus DNA gyrase (IC ₅₀ : 1.81 µM) and DNA supercoiling, potentially by binding to the ATPase domain, where ASP81, GLU58 and GLN91 formed key hydrogen bonds. Taken together, we have discovered a new class of DNA gyrase inhibitors represented by compound 1b for the treatment of MRSA infection, through the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazides.

Graphic Abstract

Highlights

• An interesting 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazide derivative B5 with moderate antibacterial activity for S. aureus was discovered by substructure search.

• Based on B5 , 45 new 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazides were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated, which led to the discovery of a promising lead compound 1b .

• Compound 1b exhibited good antibacterial activity for a panel of gram-positive bacteria strains, and was effective to protect mice from MRSA infection.

• The 1,4-dicarbonylthiosemicarbazides represented by compound 1b were discovered as a new class of DNA gyrase inhibitors, by target prediction and experimental validation.