Metabolomics profiling reveals association of fermented herbal feed additive, growth performance and gut microbiota in piglets

Fermented Chinese medicine (FCM), as a functional feed additive, has been widely recognized to play a significant role in protecting the intestinal health of piglets and enhancing productive performance. However, the relationship between the active components of FCM, gut microbiota, and their beneficial effects on animal performance remains unclear. In this study, metabolomics analysis revealed a significant increase in the main contents of lactic acid and propionic acid in FCM, while most glycosides and their derivatives decreased after three days of microbial fermentation. Subsequently, piglets were fed a basic diet supplemented with 1% FCM, while the control group received only the basic diet. The results indicated a significant increase in feed intake and average daily gain within 14 days ( P <0.05) due to FCM supplementation. Additionally, FCM significantly improved feed efficiency from 1.76 to 1.50 ( P <0.05). Meanwhile, piglets in the FCM group exhibited significantly lower frequencies of diarrhea and coughing, indicating better health. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed higher abundances of Lactobacillus agilis , Megasphaera elsdenii , Ligilactobacillus , and Veillonellaceae in piglets fed with FCM. In summary, FCM increased the content of active ingredients through microbial fermentation and regulated the intestinal microbiota to improve the health of piglets. FCM offers a promising potential for enhancing production performance and economic efficiency in the livestock industry.