Trait anxiety impairs reciprocity behavior: A multi-modal and computational modeling study

Anxiety significantly impacts reciprocal behavior, crucial for positive social interactions. The neurocomputational mechanisms of anxiety’s effects on the core (individual propensity) and peripheral (decision context) factors shaping reciprocity remain unclear. Here, we investigated reciprocity in individuals with low and high trait anxiety using a binary trust game with gain/loss framing, combining computational modeling, eye-tracking, and event-related potentials (ERPs). Our computational model, validated by eye-tracking data, identified four psychological components driving reciprocal behavior: reward, guilt aversion, superiority aversion, and superiority attraction. Regarding the core of reciprocity, trait anxiety diminished both overall reciprocity and specific psychological components like guilt aversion and superiority attraction, irrespective of context. The reduction in guilt aversion was supported by ERP findings showing decreased P2 (selective attention) and increased LPP (emotion regulation) amplitudes in anxious individuals. Regarding the periphery of reciprocity, trait anxiety altered the contextual perception of both superiority aversion and reward. Further, trait anxiety reversed the perception of superiority aversion from gain to loss contexts, a pattern that was linked to the N2 amplitudes (cognitive control). Our findings revealed distinct effects of trait anxiety on core and peripheral factors in reciprocity, offering potential targets for interventions aimed at improving reciprocity in individuals with anxiety disorders.