Genetic architecture of the tomato fruit lipidome; new insights link lipid and volatile compounds

Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L .) fruit flavor is determined by a combination of multiple volatile compounds, including several derived from lipids and fatty acids. Although fruit flavor has been intensively studied, the linkage between lipid metabolism and flavor remains largely undefined. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and QTL mapping for the fruit lipid content from 550 tomato accessions and 107 backcross inbred lines (BILs) in two consecutive seasons. Over 130 lipid compounds were identified and mapped, allowing for the identification of over 600 metabolic QTL (mQTL). We further described and validated candidate genes associated with lipid content. Among them is a lipase-like protein (TomLLP) whose function was validated in vivo using overexpression lines in tomato and knockout mutants in Arabidopsis. We also identified functions for three enzymes: a class III lipase ( Sl-LIP8 ), a cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase ( CFAPS1 ), and Lipoxygenase C ( TomLoxC ). By utilizing knockout lines for CFAPS1 and CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function lines for Sl-LIP8 and TomLoxC , we demonstrated the functional importance of these enzymes in fruit lipid metabolism. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the tomato fruit lipidome and insights into key genes that shaped the natural variation in tomato lipid content and their links to flavor-associated volatile compounds.