Cell type-specific inhibitory modulation of sound processing in the auditory thalamus

Inhibition plays an important role in controlling the flow and processing of auditory information throughout the central auditory pathway, yet how inhibitory circuits shape auditory processing in the medial geniculate body (MGB), the key region in the auditory thalamus, is poorly understood. The MGB gates the flow of auditory information to the auditory cortex, and it is inhibited largely by the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The TRN contains two major classes of inhibitory neurons: parvalbumin (PV ^TRN )-positive and somatostatin (SST ^TRN )-positive neurons. PV and SST neurons have been shown to play differential roles in controlling sound responses in auditory cortex. In the somatosensory and visual subregions of the TRN, PV ^TRN and SST ^TRN neurons exhibit anatomical and functional differences. However, it remains unknown whether and how PV ^TRN and SST ^TRN neurons differ in their anatomical projections from the TRN to the auditory thalamus, and whether and how they differentially modulate activity in the MGB. We find that PV ^TRN and SST ^TRN neurons exhibit differential projection patterns within the auditory thalamus: PV ^TRN neurons predominantly project to ventral MGB, whereas SST ^TRN neurons project to the dorso-medial regions of MGB. Optogenetic inactivation of PV ^TRN neurons bidirectionally modulated sound-evoked activity in MGB, increasing firing in 29% of MGB neurons, while suppressing firing in 41%. In contrast, inactivating SST ^TRN neurons largely suppressed tone-evoked activity in MGB neurons. Cell type-specific computational models identified candidate circuit mechanisms for generating the differential effects of TRN inactivation on MGB sound responses. These distinct inhibitory pathways within the auditory thalamus reveal cell type-specific organization of thalamic inhibition in auditory computation.