Macrophages facilitate interclonal cooperation-induced tumor heterogeneity and malignancy by activating the innate immune signaling

Tumor heterogeneity is a common hallmark of cancer and is considered a major cause of treatment failure and relapse, yet it remains poorly understood how various types of cells communicate within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to regulate tumor progression in vivo . Here we establish a tumor heterogeneity model in Drosophila eye epithelium by mutating the tricellular junction protein M6 in cells surrounding Ras ^V12 benign tumors and dissect the in vivo mechanisms underlying interclonal cooperation-induced malignancy by utilizing sophisticated genetic techniques in conjunction with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Our findings reveal that loss of M6 facilitates the malignant transformation of neighboring Ras ^V12 tumors by activating the Toll signaling, the innate immune response pathway. Notably, inhibiting Toll signaling impedes tumor progression, whereas its activation synergistically promotes Ras ^V12 tumor malignancy by inactivating the Hippo pathway. Mechanistically, Ras ^V12 tumors surrounded by M6 mutant clones lead to increased recruitment of hemocytes, which are the equivalent of macrophages in Drosophila , in a JNK pathway-dependent manner. Consequently, these tumor-associated macrophages secrete the Spatzle (Spz) ligand, which subsequently activates the Toll receptor within the Ras ^V12 tumors, thereby triggering tumorigenesis. In summary, our study elucidates the complex in vivo interactions between genetically distinct oncogenic cells and between tumors and macrophages, shedding light on how macrophages exploit the innate immune signaling within tumors to regulate tumor heterogeneity and promote tumor progression.