Filament structures unveil the dynamic organization of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Human acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) catalyze the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, which is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. The molecular mechanism underlying the dynamic organization of ACCs is largely unknown. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of human ACC1 in its inactive state, which forms a unique filament structure and is in complex with acetyl-CoA. We also determined the cryo-EM structure of human ACC1 activated by dephosphorylation and citrate treatment, at a resolution of 2.55 Å. Notably, the covalently linked biotin binds to a site that is distant from the acetyl-CoA binding site when acetyl-CoA is absent, suggesting a potential coordination between biotin binding and acetyl-CoA binding. These findings provide insights into the structural dynamics and regulatory mechanisms of human ACCs.