A dominant role of TGFβ in regulating T-cell size and physiology

During an immune response, cells are simultaneously exposed to multiple cytokine signals that collectively determine their phenotype. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine acting as a key regulator of T-cell differentiation with activating and suppressive effects on their immune function. Here, we systematically analyze the cellular responses of CD4 ⁺ T cells to TGFβ across diverse cytokine environments in the presence or absence of TGFβ. We found that TGFβ had a profound dominant effect independent of the presence of other cytokines, modulating the expression of more than 4,000 genes. In the presence of TGFβ, cells exhibit lower expression of translation-related and apoptosis-related genes, accompanied by increased survival of activated T cells. Notably, cells cultured in the presence of TGFβ were smaller in size while preserving their proliferative ability. Accordingly, we identified a dense network of transcription factors that were modulated by TGFβ, suggesting a core gene set connecting TGFβ signaling to the regulation of T-cell size. We found N-Myc to be at the center of this network, and we directly show that TGFβ regulates its gene expression level, protein level, and nuclear localization. Our work provides a system to study cell size control and demonstrate the profound effect of TGFβ in the modulation and regulation of T-cell properties, expanding its role beyond guiding their phenotype.