cGMP-dependent pathway and a GPCR kinase are required for photoresponse in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Light sensing is a critical function in most organisms and is mediated by photoreceptor proteins and phototransduction. Although most nematodes lack eyes, some species exhibit phototaxis. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , the unique photoreceptor protein Cel -LITE-1, its downstream G proteins, and cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent pathways are required for phototransduction. However, the mechanism of light-sensing in other nematodes remains unknown. To address this question, we used the nematode Pristionchus pacificus , which was established as a satellite model organism for comparison with C. elegans . Similar to C. elegans , illumination with short-wavelength light induces avoidance behavior in P. pacificus . Opsin, cryptochrome/photolyase, and lite-1 were not detected in the P. pacificus genome using orthology and domain prediction-based analyses. To identify the genes related to phototransduction in P. pacificus , we conducted forward genetic screening for light-avoidance behavior and isolated four light-unresponsive mutants. Whole-genome sequencing and genetic mapping revealed that the cGMP-dependent pathway and Ppa-grk-2 , which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) are required for light avoidance. Although the cGMP-dependent pathway is conserved in C. elegans phototransduction, GRK is not necessary for light avoidance in C. elegans . This suggests similarities and differences in light-sensing mechanisms between the two species. Using a reverse genetics approach, we showed that GABA and glutamate were involved in light avoidance. Through reporter analysis and suppression of synapse transmission, we identified candidate photosensory neurons. These findings advance our understanding of the diversity of phototransduction in nematodes even in the absence of eyes.