A protein condensation network contextualises cell fate decisions

For cells to thrive, they must make appropriate fate decisions based on a myriad of internal and external stimuli. But how do they integrate these different forms of information to contextualise their decisions? Old yeast cells showed an ability to dampen their proliferation as they entered senescence. Conversely, they had an enhanced ability to promote proliferation during escape from pheromone stimulation. A network of nucleoprotein condensation states involving processing bodies (P-bodies) and the prion-like RNA-binding protein, Whi3, controlled these opposing fate decisions. In old but not in young cells, condensation of Whi3 was both necessary and sufficient for senescence entry. In old cells, Whi3 localised to age-dependent P-bodies. Preventing their formation stopped Whi3 condensation from driving senescence entry. Challenging old cells with an external stimulus, pheromone, revealed that the condensates had a second function: potentiating the cell’s ability to trigger escape from the mating pheromone response. These findings identify biomolecular condensation as an integrator of contextual information as cells make decisions, enabling them to navigate overlapping life events.