The recombination landscape of the barn owl, from families to populations

Homologous recombination is a meiotic process that generates diversity along the genome and interacts with all evolutionary forces. Despite its importance, studies of recombination landscapes are lacking due to methodological limitations and a dearth of appropriate data. Linkage mapping based on familial data gives unbiased sex-specific broad-scale estimates of recombination while linkage disequilibrium (LD) based inference based on population data provides finer resolution data albeit depending on the effective population size and acting selective forces. In this study, we use a combination of these two methods, using a dataset of whole genome sequences and elucidate the recombination landscape for the Afro-European barn owl ( Tyto alba ). Linkage mapping allows us to refine the genome assembly to a chromosome-level quality. We find subtle differences in crossover placement between sexes that leads to differential effective shuffling of alleles. LD based estimates of recombination are concordant with family-based estimates and identify large variation in recombination rates within and among linkage groups. Larger chromosomes show variation in recombination rates while smaller chromosomes have a universally high rate which shapes the diversity landscape. We also identify local recombination hotspots in accordance with other studies in birds lacking the PRDM9 gene. However these hotspots show very little evolutionary stability when compared among populations with shallow genetic differentiation. Overall, this comprehensive analysis enhances our understanding of recombination dynamics, genomic architecture, and sex-specific variation in the barn owl, contributing valuable insights to the broader field of avian genomics.