Testis- and ovary-expressed polo transcripts and gene duplications affect male fertility when expressed in the germline

Polo-like kinases (Plks) are essential for spindle attachment to the kinetochore during prophase and the subsequent dissociation after anaphase in both mitosis and meiosis. There are structural differences in the spindle apparatus between mitosis, male meiosis, and female meiosis. It is therefore possible that alleles of Plk genes could improve kinetochore attachment or dissociation in spermatogenesis or oogenesis, but not both. These opposing effects could result in sexually antagonistic selection at Plk loci. In addition, Plk genes have been independently duplicated in many different evolutionary lineages within animals. This raises the possibility that Plk gene duplication may resolve sexual conflicts over mitotic and meiotic functions. We investigated this hypothesis by comparing the evolution, gene expression, and functional effects of the single Plk gene in Drosophila melanogaster ( polo ) and the duplicated Plks in Drosophila pseudoobscura ( Dpse-polo and Dpse-polo-dup1 ). We found that the protein-coding sequence of Dpse-polo-dup1 is evolving significantly faster than a canonical polo gene across all functional domains, yet the essential structure of encoded protein appears to be retained. Dpse-polo-dup1 is expressed primarily in testis, while other polo genes have broader expression profiles. Furthermore, over or ectopic expression of polo or Dpse-polo in the D. melanogaster male germline results in greater male infertility than ectopic expression of Dpse-polo-dup1 . Lastly, ectopic expression of Dpse-polo or an ovary-derived transcript of polo in the male germline causes males to sire female-biased broods. However, there is no sex-bias in the progeny when Dpse-polo-dup1 is ectopically expressed or a testis-derived transcript of polo is overexpressed in the D. melanogaster male germline. Our results therefore suggest that Dpse-polo-dup1 may have experienced positive selection to improve its regulation of the male meiotic spindle, resolving sexual conflict over meiotic Plk functions. Alternatively, Dpse-polo-dup1 may encode a hypomorphic Plk that has reduced deleterious effects when overexpressed in the male germline. Similarly, testis transcripts of D. melanogaster polo may be optimized for regulating the male meiotic spindle, and we provide evidence that the untranslated regions of the polo transcript may be involved in sex-specific germline functions.