Atypical epigenetic and small RNA control of transposons in clonally reproducing Spirodela polyrhiza
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Background
A handful of model plants have provided insight into silencing of transposable elements (TEs) through RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Guided by 24-nt long small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), this epigenetic regulation installs DNA methylation and histone modifications like H3K9me2, which can be subsequently maintained independently of siRNAs. However, the genome of the clonally propagating duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza ( Lemnaceae ) has low levels of DNA methylation, very low expression of RdDM components, and near absence of 24-nt siRNAs. Moreover, some genes encoding RdDM factors, DNA methylation maintenance, and RNA silencing mechanisms are missing from the genome.
Results
We investigated the distribution of TEs and their epigenetic marks in the Spirodela genome. While abundant degenerated TEs have largely lost DNA methylation and H3K9me2 is low, they remain transcriptionally silenced and are marked by H3K9me1. By contrast, we found high levels of DNA methylation and H3K9me2 in the relatively few intact TEs which are source of 24-nt siRNAs like RdDM-controlled TEs in other angiosperms. Some intact TEs are also regulated by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), producing 22-nt siRNAs despite the absence of a DCL2, required for their biogenesis in other angiosperms.
Conclusions
The data suggest that, potentially as adaptation to vegetative propagation, RdDM extent, components, and targets are different from other angiosperms, preferentially focused on potentially intact TEs. It also provides evidence for heterochromatin maintenance independently of DNA methylation. These discoveries highlight the diversity of silencing mechanisms that exist in plants and the importance of using disparate model species to discover these mechanisms.
