Open-source, high performance miniature multiphoton microscopy systems for freely behaving animals

Here we describe the development of the UCLA 2P Miniscope, an easily adopted, open-source miniature 2-photon microscope capable of recording calcium dynamics from neurons located in deep structures and in dendrites over a 445 μm x 380 μm field of view (FOV) during free behavior. The system weighs approximately 4g and utilizes two on-board silicon-based photon detectors for highly sensitive measurements. All hardware is designed for high performance and ease of assembly, while minimizing cost. To test the 2P miniature microscope, we recorded in three experimental conditions to highlight its capabilities during free behavior in mice. First, we recorded calcium dynamics from place cells in hippocampal area CA1. Next, we resolved calcium transients from dendrites in retrosplenial cortex during 30 minutes of free behavior. Last, we recorded dentate granule cell activity at a depth of over 620 μm, through an intact hippocampal CA1 during an open field behavior. The dentate granule cell recordings, to our knowledge, are the first optical recordings from these neurons ever performed in the intact hippocampus during free behavior. The miniature microscope itself and all supporting equipment are open-source and all files needed for building the scope can be accessed through the UCLA Golshani Lab GitHub repository .