Characterization of Genome-wide Phylogenetic Conflict Uncovers Evolutionary Modes of Carnivorous Fungi

Mass extinction has often paved the way for rapid evolutionary radiation, resulting in the emergence of diverse taxa within specific lineages. While the emergence and diversification of carnivorous nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) in Ascomycota has been linked to the Permian-Triassic (PT) extinction, the processes underlying NTF radiation remain unclear. Here, we conducted phylogenomic analyses using 23 genomes spanning three NTF lineages, each employing distinct nematode traps — mechanical traps ( Drechslerella spp.), three-dimensional (3-D) adhesive traps ( Arthrobotrys spp.), and two-dimensional (2-D) adhesive traps ( Dactylellina spp.), and one non-NTF species as the outgroup. This analysis revealed how diverse mechanisms contributed to the tempo of NTF evolution and rapid radiation. The genome-scale species tree of NTFs suggested that Drechslerella emerged earlier than Arthrobotrys and Dactylellina . Extensive genome-wide phylogenetic discordance was observed, mainly due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) between lineages (∼81.3%). Modes of non-vertical evolution (i.e., introgression and horizontal gene transfer) also contributed to phylogenetic discordance. The ILS genes that are associated with hyphal growth and trap morphogenesis (e.g., those associated with the cell membrane system and cellular polarity division) exhibited signs of positive selection.