Pollination services to crops of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) and green tomato ( Physalis ixocarpa ) in the coastal region of Jalisco, Mexico

Bees play a pivotal role as pollinators in crops crucial for human consumption. However, the global decline in bee populations poses a significant threat to pollination services and food security worldwide. The loss and fragmentation of habitats due to land-use change are primary factors contributing to bee declines, particularly in tropical forests facing high deforestation rates. Here we evaluate the pollination services on crops of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) and green tomato ( Physalis ixocarpa ) in the Tropical Dry Forest of Jalisco, Mexico during 2008, and 2014 to 2017. We describe pollinator community composition and visitation frequency and evaluate pollinator contribution to plant reproductive success and degree of pollinator dependence for each crop species. We also assess how landscape configuration influences the abundance and richness of pollinators, and we use the model Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) to map and value the pollination service in both crops. Our findings reveal that the main pollinator of both crops was Apis mellifera , one of the few abundant pollinators in the study region during the dry season, when watermelon and green tomato are cultivated. Results revealed that in the absence of pollinators, watermelon yielded no fruits, while green tomato experienced a 65% reduction in production. For green tomato, fruit set was positively correlated with pollinator abundance. A positive association between forest cover and total pollinator abundance was observed in green tomato in 2008, but not in watermelon. We also found a positive relationship between the abundance of bees predicted by the InVEST model and the abundance of bees observed in green tomato flowers in 2008. In the study region, green tomato and watermelon rely on pollinators for fruit production, with honeybees (from feral and managed colonies) acting as the most importante provider of pollination services for these crops. Consequently, the conservation of natural protected areas is crucial for sustaining pollinators and ensuring food security.