Low effective population size but high heterozygosity revealed by SNP analyses in adult and juvenile Thuja plicata in UK Woodlands

Thuja plicata is a conifer tree that is appreciated for its cultural, ecological and wood quality features in its natural range in western North America. It is also used in Europe and the UK for timber production. Some T. Plicata plantations in the UK are converted to Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) management which uses natural regeneration and concerns have been raised about the genetic diversity in both the adult trees and the offspring. We studied species diversity, stand structure, and genetic diversity in four UK woodlands planted with T. plicata which contained both adults and naturally regenerated individuals. We discovered 61,104 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) and retained 504 SNPs for analysis. We selected 67 SNPs for PCR-based genotyping of 163 adults and 176 juveniles. We found a large number of monomorphic sites (40.3%) most of which were restricted to adults in a single woodland, indicative of a high genetic differentiation among woodlands. The effective population size (N _e ) was very low across all sites (N _e < 100), varied between adults and juveniles, and was lowest in the most diverse woodland in terms of species and structure. In contrast, heterozygosity was high overall (H _o = 0.38), except in the divergent woodland (H _o = 0.26), and did not vary between adults and juveniles. Our findings and genotyping methods provide insights into the ability of CCF-managed woodlands, including instances of low genetic diversity in T. plicata , to face environmental shifts and disease threats.