Perceptual awareness of near-threshold tones scales gradually with auditory cortex activity and pupil dilation

Perceptual awareness covaries with negative-going responses in sensory cortex, but the derived concept of perceptual awareness negativity has been criticized a.o. because of its presence for undetected stimuli. To evaluate this objection, we combined magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, and pupillometry to study the roles of sustained attention and response criterion on the auditory awareness negativity. Participants first detected distractor sounds and denied hearing task-irrelevant near-threshold tones, which evoked neither awareness negativity nor pupil dilation. These same tones evoked responses when task-relevant, stronger for hit but also present for miss trials. To explore if response criterion could explain the presence of responses for miss trials, participants rated their perception on a six-point scale. Decreasing perception ratings were associated with gradually reduced evoked responses, consistent with signal detection theory. These results support the concept of an awareness negativity that is modulated by attention, but does not exhibit a non-linear threshold mechanism.