Drosophila melanogaster Set8 and L(3)mbt function in gene expression independently of histone H4 lysine 20 methylation

Mono-methylation of Lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20me1) is catalyzed by Set8 and thought to play important roles in many aspects of genome function that are mediated by H4K20me-binding proteins. We interrogated this model in a developing animal by comparing in parallel the transcriptomes of Set8 ^null , H4 ^K20R/A , and l(3)mbt mutant Drosophila melanogaster . We found that the gene expression profiles of H4 ^K20A and H4 ^K20R larvae are markedly different than Set8 ^null larvae despite similar reductions in H4K20me1. Set8 ^null mutant cells have a severely disrupted transcriptome and fail to proliferate in vivo , but these phenotypes are not recapitulated by mutation of H4 ^K20 indicating that the developmental defects of Set8 ^null animals are largely due to H4K20me1-independent effects on gene expression. Further, the H4K20me1 binding protein L(3)mbt is recruited to the transcription start sites of most genes independently of H4K20me even though genes bound by L(3)mbt have high levels of H4K20me1. Moreover, both Set8 and L(3)mbt bind to purified H4K20R nucleosomes in vitro. We conclude that gene expression changes in Set8 ^null and H4 ^K20 mutants cannot be explained by loss of H4K20me1 or L(3)mbt binding to chromatin, and therefore that H4K20me1 does not play a large role in gene expression.