Enhanced Ca ²⁺ -Driven Arrhythmias in Female Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from Computational Modeling

Background and Aims

Substantial sex-based differences have been reported in atrial fibrillation (AF), with female patients experiencing worse symptoms, increased complications from drug side effects or ablation, and elevated risk of AF-related stroke and mortality. Recent studies revealed sex-specific alterations in AF-associated Ca ²⁺ dysregulation, whereby female cardiomyocytes more frequently exhibit potentially proarrhythmic Ca ²⁺ -driven instabilities compared to male cardiomyocytes. In this study, we aim to gain a mechanistic understanding of the Ca ²⁺ -handling disturbances and Ca ²⁺ -driven arrhythmogenic events in males vs females and establish their responses to Ca ²⁺ -targeted interventions.

Methods and Results

We incorporated known sex differences and AF-associated changes in the expression and phosphorylation of key Ca ²⁺ -handling proteins and in ultrastructural properties and dimensions of atrial cardiomyocytes into our recently developed 3D atrial cardiomyocyte model that couples electrophysiology with spatially detailed Ca ²⁺ -handling processes. Our simulations of quiescent cardiomyocytes show increased incidence of Ca ²⁺ sparks in female vs male myocytes in AF, in agreement with previous experimental reports. Additionally, our female model exhibited elevated propensity to develop pacing-induced spontaneous Ca ²⁺ releases (SCRs) and augmented beat-to-beat variability in action potential (AP)-elicited Ca ²⁺ transients compared with the male model. Parameter sensitivity analysis uncovered precise arrhythmogenic contributions of each component that was implicated in sex and/or AF alterations. Specifically, increased ryanodine receptor phosphorylation in female AF cardiomyocytes emerged as the major SCR contributor, while reduced L-type Ca ²⁺ current was protective against SCRs for male AF cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, simulations of tentative Ca ²⁺ -targeted interventions identified potential strategies to attenuate Ca ²⁺ -driven arrhythmogenic events in female atria (e.g., t-tubule restoration, and inhibition of ryanodine receptor and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase), and revealed enhanced efficacy when applied in combination.

Conclusions

Our sex-specific computational models of human atrial cardiomyocytes uncover increased propensity to Ca ²⁺ -driven arrhythmogenic events in female compared to male atrial cardiomyocytes in AF, and point to combined Ca ²⁺ -targeted interventions as promising approaches to treat AF in female patients. Our study establishes that AF treatment may benefit from sex-dependent strategies informed by sex-specific mechanisms.

Translational perspective

Accumulating evidence demonstrates substantial sex-related differences in atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the most common arrhythmia, with female patients faring worse with the condition. By integrating known sex-differential components into our computational atrial cardiomyocyte model we found that female atrial cardiomyocytes in AF exhibit greater propensity to develop Ca ²⁺ -driven arrhythmia than male cardiomyocytes. Model analyses provided novel mechanistic insights and suggested strategies such as t-tubule restoration, correction of Ca ²⁺ -handling disturbances, and the combination of both, as promising approaches to treat AF in female patients. Our study uncovers and validate sex-specific AF mechanisms and inform the development of targeted anti-AF strategies. Graphical abstract:

Sex-specific 3D spatiotemporal models of human atrial cardiomyocyte Ca ²⁺ signaling reveal a greater propensity to develop Ca ²⁺ -driven arrhythmic events in female vs male atrial cardiomyocytes in AF. Model analysis links sex-specific AF remodeling to arrhythmogenic mechanisms. AF, atrial fibrillation; SCR, spontaneous Ca ²⁺ release; CaT, cytosolic Ca ²⁺ transient; RyR2-P, phosphorylated ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2); CSQ, calsequestrin; LTCC, L-type Ca ²⁺ channel; PLB, phospholamban; SERCA, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ²⁺ ATPase; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum.