Association of Muscle Strength to Body Composition Measures using DXA, D 3 Cr, and BIA in Collegiate Athletes
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Background
Measurements of body composition are helpful indicators of health outcomes, but muscle strength has a greater correlation with disease risk and long-term health outcomes, particularly among older adults. Whole-body DXA scans uniquely parse out total and regional lean soft tissue (LST) and appendicular (ALST), primarily composed of skeletal muscle and often used to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty. An alternative approach measures the enrichment of deuterated Creatinine (D 3 Crn) in urine after ingesting a tracer dose of deuterated creatine (D 3 Cr) to determine creatine pool size and estimate whole-body muscle mass. The utility of D 3 Cr relationships between strength and body composition in young athletes has yet to be established. In this study, we investigated the association of muscle strength and body composition using multiple methods including DXA, D 3 Cr, and bioelectrical impedance (BIA), in a collegiate athletic population.
Methods
The Da Kine Study enrolled 80 multi-sport collegiate athletes. Each subject consumed a 60 mg dose of D 3 Cr and completed whole-body DXA, BIA, and strength tests of the leg and trunk using an isokinetic dynamometer. The analysis was stratified by sex. Pearson’s correlations, forward stepwise linear regression and quartile p trend significance were used to show the associations of body composition measures to muscle strength.
Results
The mean (SD) age of the 80 (40M/40F) athletes was 21.8 (4.2) years. Raw whole-body values had higher correlations with muscle strength in both sexes compared to the normalized values by height, body mass (BM), and BMI. DXA LST had the highest leg ( R 2 =0.36, 0.37) and trunk ( R 2 =0.53, 0.61) strength in both males and females. Trunk strength was more highly associated with body composition measures than leg strength in both sexes and all measurement techniques. One or more DXA LST measures (total, leg, and ALST) were consistently more highly associated with leg and trunk strengths for both sexes than BIA and D 3 Cr measures. Adjusting all body composition values by age, BMI, and BIA variables did not improve the associations. A significant p trend across quartiles was observed for DXA LST and ALST for all measures of strength in both sexes.
Conclusion
Although statistical significance was not reached between devices, DXA body composition output variables, especially LST, showed the highest associations with both sexes’ leg and trunk muscle strength. Furthermore, without adjustment for demographic information or BIA variables, whole-body values show stronger associations with muscle strength. Future research should investigate the impact of muscle mass changes on LST and functional measures.
