Genome assembly and analysis of Lactuca virosa : implications for lettuce breeding

Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable crop with ongoing breeding efforts related to quality, resilience, and innovative production systems. Genetic variation of important traits in close relatives is necessary to meet lettuce breeding goals. Lactuca virosa (2x=2n=18), a wild relative assigned to the tertiary lettuce gene pool, has a much larger genome (3.7 Gbp) than Lactuca sativa (2.5 Gbp). It has been used in interspecific crosses and is a donor to modern crisphead lettuce cultivars. Here, we present a de novo reference assembly of L. virosa with high continuity and complete gene space. This assembly facilitated comparisons to the genome of L. sativa and to that of the wild species L. saligna , a representative of the secondary lettuce gene pool. To assess the diversity in gene content, we classified the genes of the three Lactuca species as core, accessory and unique. In addition, we identified three interspecific chromosomal inversions compared to L. sativa , which each may cause recombination suppression and thus hamper future introgression breeding. Using three-way comparisons in both reference-based and reference-free manners, we show that the proliferation of long-terminal repeat elements has driven the genome expansion of L. virosa . Further, we performed a genome-wide comparison of immune genes, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat, and receptor-like kinases among Lactuca spp. and indicate the evolutionary patterns and mechanisms behind their expansions. These genome analyses greatly facilitate the understanding of genetic variation in L. virosa , which is beneficial for the breeding of improved lettuce varieties.