Solution structure and synaptic analyses reveal determinants of bispecific T cell engager potency

Bispecific T cell engagers (TcEs) link T cell receptors to tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells, forming cytotoxic immunological synapses (IS). Close membrane-to-membrane contact (≤13 nm) has been proposed as a key mechanism of TcE function. To investigate this and identify potential additional mechanisms, we compared four immunoglobulin G1-based (IgG1) TcE Formats (A–D) targeting CD3ε and Her2, designed to create varying intermembrane distances (A < B < C < D). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and modeling of the conformational states of isolated TcEs and TcE–antigen complexes predicted close contacts (≤13 nm) for Formats A and B and far contacts (≥18 nm) for Formats C and D. In supported lipid bilayer (SLB) model interfaces, Formats A and B recruited, whereas Formats C and D repelled, CD2–CD58 interactions. Formats A and B also excluded bulky Quantum dots more effectively. SAXS also revealed that TcE–antigen complexes formed by Formats A and C were less flexible than complexes formed by Formats B and D. Functional data with Her2-expressing tumor cells showed cytotoxicity, surface marker expression, and cytokine release following the order A > B = C > D. In a minimal system for IS formation on SLBs, TcE performance followed the trend A = B = C > D. Addition of close contact requiring CD58 costimulation revealed phospholipase C-γ activation matching cytotoxicity with A > B = C > D. Our findings suggest that when adhesion is equivalent, TcE potency is determined by two parameters: contact distance and flexibility. Both the close/far-contact formation axis and the low/high flexibility axis significantly impact TcE potency, explaining the similar potency of Format B (close contact/high flexibility) and C (far contact/low flexibility).