Effects of social support on depression risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: What support types and for whom?

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   ScreenIT

   May 19, 2022

   SciScore for 10.1101/2022.05.15.22274976: (What is this?)

   Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

   Table 1: Rigor

   Ethics	IRB: The Institutional Review Board of the All of Us Research Program has approved all study procedures, and participants provided informed consent to share electronic health records (EHRs), surveys, and other study data with qualified investigators for broad-based research. Consent: The Institutional Review Board of the All of Us Research Program has approved all study procedures, and participants provided informed consent to share electronic health records (EHRs), surveys, and other study data with qualified investigators for broad-based research.
   Sex as a biological variable	not detected.
   Randomization	To accommodate both missingness and within-subject correlations across survey measurements …

   SciScore for 10.1101/2022.05.15.22274976: (What is this?)

   Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

   Table 1: Rigor

   Ethics	IRB: The Institutional Review Board of the All of Us Research Program has approved all study procedures, and participants provided informed consent to share electronic health records (EHRs), surveys, and other study data with qualified investigators for broad-based research. Consent: The Institutional Review Board of the All of Us Research Program has approved all study procedures, and participants provided informed consent to share electronic health records (EHRs), surveys, and other study data with qualified investigators for broad-based research.
   Sex as a biological variable	not detected.
   Randomization	To accommodate both missingness and within-subject correlations across survey measurements (14), we first fitted IPW-adjusted, mixed-effects logistic regression models using the lme4 R package to determine the time-varying relationships between social support and depression with subject-specific random intercepts and fixed effects for the three survey timepoints (i.e., May, June, and July of 2020).
   Blinding	not detected.
   Power Analysis	not detected.

   Table 2: Resources

   Software and Algorithms
   Sentences	Resources
   Cohort description: The All of Us Research Program (AoU) (8) has enrolled more than 482,000 participants as of April 2022.	Us Research Program suggested: None
   In recent prior work, we found some evidence of “healthy volunteer bias” among the COPE survey participants and demonstrated the utility of inverse probability weighting in offsetting potential bias (10).	COPE suggested: (COPE, RRID:SCR_009153)
   Covariates: We used linked EHR data to establish whether participants had a pre-pandemic history of mood disorder diagnosis at any time prior to January 21st, 2020, the date of the first reported COVID-19 case in the United States (13), defined by two or more qualifying diagnostic codes mapped to “Mood disorder” code 46206005 in the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED; a common coding scheme for harmonizing different coding vocabularies or ICD versions across health systems).	Covariates suggested: None

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   Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).

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   Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:

   Several limitations should be noted. First, as with many survey instruments, our measure of social support captures self-reported perceptions of support, which may be influenced by concurrent depressed mood, thereby inflating the association. Notwithstanding, our primary analyses were consistent with lagged models in which baseline social support was associated with subsequent depression even after removing individuals with baseline elevated depression symptoms, suggesting the effect was not purely driven by contemporaneous mood states; however, further causal inference analyses are warranted (26). Second, we selected available variables from the COPE survey to examine their potential role as effect modifiers, but there may be other unmeasured intrinsic or pandemic-related factors (e.g., lockdown exposure) that may also influence the association between social support and depression. Our pre-pandemic mood disorder variable was also conservatively defined using linked EHR data which was available for most, but not all, participants. Third, given that most individuals were research volunteers with Internet access who were relatively well-educated and endorsed minimal financial stressors related to the pandemic, our sample may not generalize to more disadvantaged populations, though we used inverse-probability weighting as an attempt to match COPE survey participants more closely with the broader and more diverse All of Us Research Program study cohort.

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   Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.

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   Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.

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   Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.

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   Results from rtransparent:

   • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
   • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
   • No protocol registration statement was detected.

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   Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.

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   Version published to 10.1101/2022.05.15.22274976v1 on medRxiv

   May 16, 2022