Optimized production and fluorescent labelling of SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particles to study virus assembly and entry

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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA enveloped virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemia that conducted in 6 million deaths worldwide so far. SARS-CoV-2 particles are mainly composed of the 4 main structural proteins M, N, E and S to form 100nm diameter viral particles. Based on productive assays, we propose an optimal transfected plasmid ratio mimicking the virus RNA ratio allowing SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like Particle (VLPs) formation composed of the viral structural proteins M, N, E and S. Furthermore, monochrome, dual-color fluorescent or photoconvertible VLPs were produced. Thanks to live fluorescence and super-resolution microscopy, we quantified VLPs size and concentration. It shows a diameter of 110 and 140 nm respectively for MNE-VLPs and MNES-VLPs with a minimum concentration of 10e12 VLP/ml. SARS-CoV-2 VLPs could tolerate the integration of fluorescent N and M tagged proteins without impairing particle assembly. In this condition, we were able to establish incorporation of the mature Spike in fluorescent VLPs. The Spike functionality was then shown by monitoring fluorescent MNES-VLPs docking and endocytosis in human pulmonary cells expressing the receptor hACE2. This work provides new insights on the use of non-fluorescent and fluorescent VLPs to study and visualize the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle in a safe environment (BSL-2 instead of BSL-3). Moreover, optimized SARS-CoV-2 VLP production can be further adapted to vaccine design strategies.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2022.03.23.485575: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Ethicsnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line Authenticationnot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    To detect hACE2, cells were washed twice in PBS and incubated 1 hour at 4°C with primary goat antibody anti-human ACE2 protein (R&D AF933) (1:100).
    anti-human ACE2
    suggested: None
    Antibodies: Immunoblotting were performed by using the following antibodies: rabbit anti-M 1:1000 (100-401-A55, Rockland TEBU-BIO);rabbit anti-N 1:3000 (200-401-A50,
    anti-M
    suggested: None
    anti-N
    suggested: None
    anti-GAPDH antibody coupled to HRP 1:25000 (G9295, Sigma).
    anti-GAPDH
    suggested: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# G9295, RRID:AB_1078992)
    For immuno-spotting, rabbit anti-Spike neutralizing Antibody 1:100 (40592-R001, Sino Biological), mouse anti-CD81 1:100 (sc7637, 1.3.3.22, Santa Cruz)
    anti-Spike
    suggested: (Sino Biological Cat# 40592-R001, RRID:AB_2857936)
    anti-CD81
    suggested: (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-7637, RRID:AB_627190)
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Cells and culture conditions: The HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line were obtained from ECACC (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and maintained in cultured in Dulbecco’s modified essential medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS, Thermo Fisher, USA), 50 U/mL of penicillin (Ozyme, France), 50 μg/mL of streptomycin (Ozyme,
    HEK293T
    suggested: None
    The human pulmonary alveolar A549-hACE2 and A549-hACE2mScarlet stable cell lines were engineered using 2 different lentiviral vectors.
    A549-hACE2mScarlet
    suggested: None
    For A549-hACE2-mScarlet, A549 were transduced with VSVg pseudotypes particules derived from lentiviral vector expressing mScarlet red fluorescent protein from Olivier Schwartz laboratory at Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) to express the human receptor hACE2mScarlet.
    A549-hACE2-mScarlet
    suggested: None
    Transduction efficiency was assessed by monitoring mScarlet expression (Maximum Excitation 569nm/Maximum Emission 594nm) using flow cytometry in comparison with A549 cells (Supplemental Figure 1B).
    A549
    suggested: None
    Human pulmonary A549-hACE2 cells were harvested live in cold PBS 1x (after 24h in culture on glass coverslip).
    A549-hACE2
    suggested: RRID:CVCL_A5KB)
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    The GFP and mEOS2 tags were amplified by PCR from peGFP and pmEOS2 using Pfu Polymerase (M7741, Promega), dNTP mix (10297018, Thermo Scientific) and primers designed to carry NheI and KpnI restriction sites (Sigma Aldrich).
    pmEOS2
    suggested: None
    PCR amplified inserts were added at the N-terminus of N protein in pcDNA3.1+ plasmid, and purified with the NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel).
    pcDNA3.1+
    suggested: RRID:Addgene_117272)
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Each band intensity on the immunoblot were quantified using ImagJ software.
    ImagJ
    suggested: None
    Fluorescence intensity fluctuations traces (at least 120) were recorded for 10s and correlated immediately with the built-in Zen software.
    Zen
    suggested: None
    PALM acquisitions were analyzed using the ThunderSTORM plugin in Fiji [23].
    Fiji
    suggested: (Fiji, RRID:SCR_002285)
    13 Images corresponding to 250-300 fluorescent VLPs were analyzed by ImageJ/Fiji software and ComDet Plugin was used for quantifiying the number of fluorescent VLPs and the double GFP/mCherry colocalization.
    ImageJ/Fiji
    suggested: None
    Statistical analyses: Statistical analyses were performed using Origin 8.5 and Graph Pad prism software.
    Origin
    suggested: (Origin, RRID:SCR_014212)
    GraphPad: GraphPad was used for performing graphs.
    GraphPad
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • No conflict of interest statement was detected. If there are no conflicts, we encourage authors to explicit state so.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.